Plural Nouns — Ko‘plikdagi otlar

Plural nouns bir nechta odam, hayvon, narsa yoki joyni bildirish uchun ishlatiladigan ko‘plikdagi otlarhisoblanadi.

Ingliz tilida ko‘plikni hosil qilishning eng asosiy usuli ot oxiriga -s qo‘shishdir. Lekin ayrim otlarda -es, -ies, -ves qo‘shimchalari ishlatiladi, ba’zi otlar esa butunlay boshqacha shaklga ega bo‘ladi.

• one book → two books
• one car → three cars
• one student → five students
• one child → two children

📌 Eng muhim qoida: birlikdagi ot bitta narsani, ko‘plikdagi ot esa ikki yoki undan ortiq narsani bildiradi.

1. Singular va Plural Nouns

2. Oddiy ko‘plik — + S

Ko‘pchilik otlarda ko‘plik hosil qilish uchun oxiriga -s qo‘shiladi.

singular noun + s → plural noun

• book → books
• car → cars
• table → tables
• student → students
• house → houses
• apple → apples

Misollar:

• I have two books. – Menda ikkita kitob bor.
• There are three cars outside. – Tashqarida uchta mashina bor.
• These students are from Uzbekistan. – Bu o‘quvchilar O‘zbekistondan.

3. -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z bilan tugagan otlar — + ES

Ot -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x bilan tugasa, ko‘plik hosil qilish uchun odatda -es qo‘shiladi.

• bus → buses
• class → classes
• dish → dishes
• watch → watches
• box → boxes
• quiz → quizzes

Misollar:

• There are two buses outside. – Tashqarida ikkita avtobus bor.
• I have three boxes. – Menda uchta quti bor.
• We washed the dishes. – Biz idishlarni yuvdik.
• There are two watches on the table. – Stol ustida ikkita soat bor.

📌 Quiz so‘zida ko‘plik shakli quizzes bo‘ladi.

4. Undosh + Y → IES

Agar ot undosh harf + y bilan tugasa, y tushib, -ies qo‘shiladi.

consonant + y → ies

• baby → babies
• city → cities
• country → countries
• family → families
• story → stories

Misollar:

• There are many cities in this country. – Bu mamlakatda ko‘plab shaharlar bor.
• She has two babies. – Uning ikkita chaqalog‘i bor.
• I like reading stories. – Men hikoyalar o‘qishni yoqtiraman.

5. Unli + Y → S

Agar ot unli harf + y bilan tugasa, y o‘zgarmaydi. Faqat -s qo‘shiladi.

vowel + y → ys

• boy → boys
• day → days
• toy → toys
• key → keys

Taqqoslang:

6. -F / -FE bilan tugagan otlar

Ba’zi -f yoki -fe bilan tugagan otlarda ko‘plik hosil qilganda f/fe → ves bo‘ladi.

• wife → wives
• life → lives
• knife → knives
• leaf → leaves
• wolf → wolves
• shelf → shelves

Lekin bu qoida barcha -f/-fe bilan tugaydigan otlarga tegishli emas.

• roof → roofs
• chef → chefs
• belief → beliefs
• safe → safes

📌 Shuning uchun -f/-fe → -ves qoidasini umumiy qoida emas, ko‘p uchraydigan shakl sifatida yodlash kerak.

7. -O bilan tugagan otlar

-o bilan tugagan otlarda ko‘plik turlicha hosil qilinadi. Ba’zilarida -es, ba’zilarida esa oddiy -s ishlatiladi.

-es bilan:

• tomato → tomatoes
• potato → potatoes
• hero → heroes

-s bilan:

• photo → photos
• piano → pianos
• radio → radios

📌 Bu guruhdagi so‘zlarni ko‘pincha alohida yodlash eng yaxshi usul hisoblanadi.

8. Irregular Plurals — Noto‘g‘ri ko‘pliklar

Ba’zi otlar ko‘plikda -s/-es qo‘shimchalarini olmaydi. Ularning shakli butunlay o‘zgaradi. Bunday otlar irregular plural nouns deyiladi.

9. Eng muhim Irregular Plurals

• man → men
• woman → women
• child → children
• person → people
• foot → feet
• tooth → teeth
• mouse → mice
• goose → geese
• ox → oxen

Misollar:

• There are three children in the room. – Xonada uchta bola bor.
• Many people live in this city. – Bu shaharda ko‘p odam yashaydi.
• I have two feet. – Mening ikkita oyog‘im bor.
• The dog has sharp teeth. – Itning o‘tkir tishlari bor.

10. O‘zgarmaydigan ko‘plik shakllari

Ba’zi otlarning birlik va ko‘plik shakli bir xil bo‘ladi.

• one sheep → two sheep
• one fish → two fish
• one deer → two deer
• one species → two species

Masalan:

• There is one sheep.
• There are five sheep.

11. Plural Nouns va A / An

A/an faqat birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan ishlatiladi. Ko‘plikdagi ot bilan a/anishlatilmaydi.

❌ a books
❌ an apples
❌ a students

12. This → These

This birlikdagi ot bilan ishlatiladi. Ko‘plikda esa these ishlatiladi.

• This is a book. – Bu kitob.
• These are books. – Bular kitoblar.
• This is a car. – Bu mashina.
• These are cars. – Bular mashinalar.

13. That → Those

That birlikdagi ot bilan ishlatiladi. Ko‘plikda esa those ishlatiladi.

• That is a house. – U uy.
• Those are houses. – Ular uylar.
• That is a student. – U o‘quvchi.
• Those are students. – Ular o‘quvchilar.

14. There is → There are

There is birlikdagi ot bilan, there are esa ko‘plikdagi ot bilan ishlatiladi.

• There is a book on the table.
• There are two books on the table.
• There is a student in the room.
• There are five students in the room.

📌 Demak:

• There is + singular noun
• There are + plural noun

15. Plural Nouns va Have / Has

Ko‘plikdagi ega bilan odatda have ishlatiladi.

• I have two books.
• They have three cars.
• The students have books.

Lekin birlikdagi uchinchi shaxs bilan has ishlatiladi:

• The student has a book.
• The students have books.

16. Plural Nouns va Fe’l

Present Simple‘da ko‘plikdagi ega bilan odatda fe’lga -s qo‘shilmaydi.

• The student works.
• The students work.

Yana:

• The boy plays football.
• The boys play football.

📌 Juda muhim: plural noun + base verb

17. Ko‘plikdagi otlarning talaffuzi

Ko‘plikdagi -s/-es qo‘shimchasi har doim bir xil talaffuz qilinmaydi. Asosan uch xil talaffuz mavjud:

📌 Bu talaffuz qoidalarini keyingi fonetika mavzularida batafsil o‘rganish mumkin. Hozircha ularni misollar orqali tanib olish yetarli.

18. Plural Possessive — Ko‘plikdagi egalik

Agar ko‘plikdagi ot -s bilan tugasa, egalik bildirish uchun odatda faqat apostrof ‘ qo‘shiladi.

• the students‘ books – o‘quvchilarning kitoblari
• the teachers‘ room – o‘qituvchilarning xonasi
• the boys‘ bikes – bolalarning velosipedlari

Agar ko‘plik shakli -s bilan tugamasa, ‘s ishlatiladi:

• children‘s books
• men‘s clothes
• women‘s shoes

19. Ko‘plikni hosil qilishning umumiy jadvali

20. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• ❌ two book
  ✅ two books
• ❌ three box
  ✅ three boxes
• ❌ two citys
  ✅ two cities
• ❌ two babys
  ✅ two babies
• ❌ two childs
  ✅ two children
• ❌ many persons
  ✅ many people
• ❌ two womans
  ✅ two women
• ❌ five mans
  ✅ five men
• ❌ two foots
  ✅ two feet
• ❌ two tooths
  ✅ two teeth
• ❌ There is two books.
  ✅ There are two books.
• ❌ These is books.
  ✅ These are books.
• ❌ The students works every day.
  ✅ The students work every day.
• ❌ I have a books.
  ✅ I have books.

21. Countable va Uncountable Nouns

Har bir otni ko‘plik shakliga o‘tkazib bo‘lmaydi. Countable nouns sanaladi, uncountable nouns esa odatda sanalmaydi.

Countable nouns:

• one book → two books
• one apple → three apples
• one student → five students

Uncountable nouns:

• water
• milk
• money
• information
• advice

❌ two informations
❌ three advices
❌ five moneys

To‘g‘ri:

• two pieces of information
• three pieces of advice

22. Ko‘plikdagi otlar bilan Some / Any

Some va any ko‘plikdagi sanaladigan otlar bilan ham ishlatilishi mumkin.

Darak:

• I have some books.
• There are some students in the room.

Inkor:

• I do‘t have any books.
• There aren‘t any students here.

So‘roq:

• Do you have any books?
• Are there any students here?

23. Eng muhim formulalar

Oddiy ko‘plik

• singular noun + s
• book → books

-ES

• s, ss, sh, ch, x, z → es
• box → boxes

-IES

• consonant + y → ies
• city → cities

-S

• vowel + y → s
• boy → boys

IRREGULAR

• child → children
• man → men
• woman → women
• person → people

24. Yakuniy misollar

• I have two books. – Menda ikkita kitob bor.
• There are three boxes in the room. – Xonada uchta quti bor.
• There are many cities in this country. – Bu mamlakatda ko‘plab shaharlar bor.
• The boys are playing football. – Bolalar futbol o‘ynashyapti.
• The children are in the garden. – Bolalar bog‘da.
• Many people live here. – Bu yerda ko‘p odam yashaydi.
• I saw two men outside. – Men tashqarida ikki erkakni ko‘rdim.
• There are five women in the office. – Ofisda beshta ayol bor.
• These students are very hardworking. – Bu o‘quvchilar juda mehnatkash.
• Those houses are very old. – U uylar juda eski.
• The students have many books. – O‘quvchilarning ko‘p kitoblari bor.
• The students study English every day. – O‘quvchilar har kuni ingliz tilini o‘rganadilar.

📌 Esda saqlang:

• Ko‘pchilik otlar → + s
• s, ss, sh, ch, x, z → + es
• consonant + y → ies
• vowel + y → ys
• Ba’zi -f/-fe → ves
• Ba’zi -o → es, ba’zilari → s
• child → children
• man → men
• woman → women
• person → people
• A/an → faqat birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan
• There is → birlik
• There are → ko‘plik
• This → these
• That → those
• Ko‘plikdagi ega bilan Present Simple‘da odatda fe’lga -s qo‘shilmaydi.