Articles — A / An (Noaniq artikllar)
A va an ingliz tilidagi noaniq artikllar hisoblanadi. Ular odatda birlikdagi sanaladigan ot oldidan ishlatiladi.
O‘zbek tilida a/an uchun aynan mos keladigan alohida so‘z yo‘q. Ko‘pincha u “bir” yoki shunchaki ma’nosiz tarjima qilinadi.
- I have a book. – Menda kitob bor.
- She is a teacher. – U o‘qituvchi.
- He bought an apple. – U olma sotib oldi.
- There is a car outside. – Tashqarida mashina bor.
📌 Eng muhim qoida: a/an so‘zning yozilishiga emas, talaffuzidagi birinchi tovushga qarab tanlanadi.
1. A va An — asosiy farqi
| Artikl | Qachon ishlatiladi? | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| a | Undosh tovush bilan boshlanadigan so‘zlardan oldin | a book, a car, a student |
| an | Unli tovush bilan boshlanadigan so‘zlardan oldin | an apple, an egg, an idea |
📌 Bu yerda harf emas, tovush muhim.
2. A — Undosh tovush oldidan
A undosh tovush bilan boshlanadigan birlikdagi sanaladigan ot oldidan ishlatiladi.
a + singular countable noun
- a book – kitob
- a car – mashina
- a student – o‘quvchi
- a teacher – o‘qituvchi
- a house – uy
Misollar:
- I have a car. – Menda mashina bor.
- She bought a new phone. – U yangi telefon sotib oldi.
- He is a student. – U o‘quvchi.
- There is a cat in the garden. – Bog‘da mushuk bor.
3. An — Unli tovush oldidan
An unli tovush bilan boshlanadigan birlikdagi sanaladigan ot oldidan ishlatiladi.
an + singular countable noun
- an apple – olma
- an egg – tuxum
- an orange – apelsin
- an idea – fikr
- an animal – hayvon
Misollar:
- I ate an apple. – Men olma yedim.
- She has an idea. – Uning bir fikri bor.
- He saw an animal. – U hayvon ko‘rdi.
- There is an orange on the table. – Stol ustida apelsin bor.
4. Eng muhim qoida — Harf emas, tovush
A/an tanlashda so‘zning birinchi harfiga emas, birinchi tovushiga qarash kerak.
Masalan, hour so‘zi h harfi bilan yoziladi, lekin h talaffuz qilinmaydi: /aʊə(r)/.
Shuning uchun: an hour ✅
Aksincha, university so‘zi u harfi bilan boshlanadi, lekin talaffuzda /juː/ tovushi bilan boshlanadi. Bu undosh tovush hisoblanadi.
Shuning uchun: a university ✅
5. A ishlatiladigan muhim misollar
Quyidagi so‘zlar unli harf bilan yozilsa ham, talaffuzda undosh tovush bilan boshlanadi:
- a university – universitet
- a uniform – forma
- a useful book – foydali kitob
- a European country – Yevropa davlati
- a user – foydalanuvchi
- a unit – birlik
📌 Bu so‘zlarning boshidagi tovush taxminan /juː/ kabi boshlanadi.
- a university ✅
- an university ❌
6. An ishlatiladigan muhim misollar
Ba’zi so‘zlar undosh harf bilan yozilsa ham, birinchi tovushi unli bo‘ladi.
- an hour – bir soat
- an honest man – halol odam
- an honour – sharaf
- an heir – merosxo‘r
Bu so‘zlarda boshidagi h tovushi talaffuz qilinmaydi.
- an hour ✅
- a hour ❌
- an honest person ✅
- a honest person ❌
7. A / An + Kasb va lavozim
Biror kishining kasbi, lavozimi yoki kimliginiaytganda birlikdagi kasb nomidan oldin odatda a/anishlatiladi.
- I am a teacher. – Men o‘qituvchiman.
- She is a doctor. – U shifokor.
- He is an engineer. – U muhandis.
- My brother is a student. – Akam/ukam talaba.
- She is an artist. – U rassom.
📌 Kasb nomi birlikda kelganda artiklni unutmaslik kerak:
- I am a student. ✅
- I am student. ❌
- He is an engineer. ✅
- He is engineer. ❌
8. A / An — “bir” ma’nosida
Ba’zan a/an o‘zbek tilidagi “bir”ma’nosiga yaqin bo‘ladi.
- I need a pen. – Menga bir ruchka kerak.
- She bought an apple. – U bir dona olma sotib oldi.
- He stayed there for an hour. – U u yerda bir soat qoldi.
Lekin a/an har doim ham o‘zbekchaga “bir” deb tarjima qilinmaydi.
- She is a teacher. – U o‘qituvchi.
- I have a car. – Menda mashina bor.
9. A / An + birlikdagi sanaladigan ot
A/an eng asosiy holatda birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan ishlatiladi.
a/an + singular countable noun
- a book
- a house
- an apple
- an idea
Shuning uchun quyidagilar noto‘g‘ri:
- ❌ a books
- ❌ an apples
- ❌ a students
To‘g‘ri:
- ✅ a book
- ✅ books
- ✅ an apple
- ✅ apples
10. A / An ko‘plikdagi ot bilan ishlatilmaydi
A/an “bitta” tushunchasini bildirgani uchun ko‘plikdagi ot bilan ishlatilmaydi.
- ❌ a books
- ❌ an cars
- ❌ a students
To‘g‘ri:
- ✅ a book
- ✅ cars
- ✅ students
11. A / An sanalmaydigan ot bilan ishlatilmaydi
A/an sanalmaydigan otlar bilan odatda ishlatilmaydi.
- ❌ a water
- ❌ a milk
- ❌ an information
- ❌ a money
- ❌ an advice
To‘g‘ri:
- ✅ water
- ✅ milk
- ✅ information
- ✅ money
- ✅ advice
Agar sanalmaydigan narsaning bir qismini yoki birligininazarda tutsak, boshqa birliklardan foydalanish mumkin:
- a glass of water – bir stakan suv
- a bottle of water – bir shisha suv
- a piece of advice – bir maslahat
- a piece of information – bir ma’lumot
12. A / An va There is
There is birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan ishlatilganda ko‘pincha a/an keladi.
- There is a book on the table. – Stol ustida kitob bor.
- There is an apple in the bag. – Sumkada olma bor.
- There is a student in the room. – Xonada o‘quvchi bor.
- There is an old car outside. – Tashqarida eski mashina bor.
13. A / An sifat bilan birga
Agar ot oldidan sifat kelsa, a/an otga emas, sifatdan keyingi birinchi tovushga qarab tanlanadi.
a/an + adjective + singular noun
- a big house
- a beautiful girl
- an old house
- an interesting book
Masalan:
- a book → an interesting book
- a car → an expensive car
- a house → an old house
📌 Demak, a/an bevosita otning o‘ziga emas, undan keyingi iboraning birinchi tovushiga bog‘liq.
14. A / An va qisqartmalar
Qisqartmalar bilan ham a/an tanlashda qisqartmaning qanday talaffuz qilinishi muhim.
Agar qisqartma unli tovush bilan boshlansa:
- an FBI agent
- an MBA student
- an HTML document
- an MP3 file
Agar qisqartma undosh tovush bilan boshlansa:
- a BBC journalist
- a USB device
- a UK company
📌 Masalan, USB “you-es-bee” deb talaffuz qilinadi, shuning uchun a USB deyiladi.
15. A / An + one of ...
One of “...ning biri” degan ma’noni bildiradi. Undan keyin ko‘plikdagi ot keladi va a/an otning o‘zidan oldin emas, boshqa birlikda ishlatiladi.
- He is one of the best students.
- This is one of the biggest cities in the country.
❌ one of a students deyilmaydi.
📌 A/an va one ba’zan o‘xshash ma’noga ega bo‘lsa ham, grammatik jihatdan bir xil ishlatilmaydi.
16. A / An va “another”
Another so‘zi tarixan an + othershaklidan kelib chiqqan va “yana bir / boshqa bir” ma’nosini beradi.
- Can I have another cup of tea? – Yana bir piyola choy olsam bo‘ladimi?
- I need another day. – Menga yana bir kun kerak.
📌 Another + singular countable noun
17. A / An va “per” ma’nosi
A/an ba’zi holatlarda “har bir” yoki “...ga” ma’nosida, ya’ni perma’nosida ishlatiladi.
- twice a day – kuniga ikki marta
- three times a week – haftasiga uch marta
- $10 a day – kuniga 10 dollar
- 60 kilometres an hour – soatiga 60 kilometr
18. A / An va umumiy ma’no
A/an ba’zan biror narsaning umumiy turidan bitta vakil haqida gapirganda ishlatiladi.
- A dog is a loyal animal. – It sodiq hayvondir.
- A teacher should be patient. – O‘qituvchi sabrli bo‘lishi kerak.
- A good friend always helps you. – Yaxshi do‘st doim sizga yordam beradi.
Bu yerda gap aynan bitta ma’lum it yoki o‘qituvchihaqida emas, balki shu turdagi odam yoki narsaning umumiy xususiyati haqida ketmoqda.
19. A va An — taqqoslash
| A | An |
|---|---|
| a book | an apple |
| a car | an egg |
| a teacher | an engineer |
| a university | an hour |
| a useful idea | an honest man |
20. A / An ishlatilmaydigan holatlar
A/an quyidagi holatlarda ishlatilmaydi:
1) Ko‘plikdagi ot bilan
- ❌ a books
- ✅ books
2) Sanalmaydigan ot bilan
- ❌ an information
- ✅ information
3) Ismlar bilan
- ❌ a John
- ✅ John
Lekin a + ism ayrim maxsus ma’nolarda uchrashi mumkin. Boshlang‘ich darajada esa ism oldidan odatda artikl ishlatilmaydi.
21. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
- ❌ I am student.
✅ I am a student. - ❌ She is teacher.
✅ She is a teacher. - ❌ He is an student.
✅ He is a student. - ❌ I have a apple.
✅ I have an apple. - ❌ She is an teacher.
✅ She is a teacher. - ❌ He bought a orange.
✅ He bought an orange. - ❌ She is an university student.
✅ She is a university student. - ❌ I waited for a hour.
✅ I waited for an hour. - ❌ He gave me an advice.
✅ He gave me some advice. - ❌ I need an information.
✅ I need some information. - ❌ There is an car outside.
✅ There is a car outside. - ❌ There are a books on the table.
✅ There are books on the table.
22. A / An tanlashning tezkor usuli
A yoki an tanlashda quyidagi 3 bosqichni eslab qoling:
- Ot birlikdagi sanaladigan otmi?
- Undan oldin sifat yoki boshqa so‘z bormi?
- Eng boshidagi tovush unlimi yoki undoshmi?
Agar birinchi tovush undosh bo‘lsa: a
- a book
- a car
- a university
- a useful idea
Agar birinchi tovush unli bo‘lsa: an
- an apple
- an egg
- an hour
- an interesting book
23. Eng muhim formulalar
A
- a + consonant sound
- a book
- a car
- a teacher
- a university
AN
- an + vowel sound
- an apple
- an egg
- an engineer
- an hour
A / AN + singular countable noun
- a book
- an apple
- a student
- an engineer
24. Yakuniy misollar
- I have a car. – Menda mashina bor.
- She has an umbrella. – Unda soyabon bor.
- He is a doctor. – U shifokor.
- She is an engineer. – U muhandis.
- There is a book on the desk. – Stol ustida kitob bor.
- There is an apple in the bag. – Sumkada olma bor.
- I saw a dog in the street. – Men ko‘chada it ko‘rdim.
- He saw an elephant at the zoo. – U hayvonot bog‘ida fil ko‘rdi.
- She waited for an hour. – U bir soat kutdi.
- He studies at a university. – U universitetda o‘qiydi.
- My father is a teacher. – Otam o‘qituvchi.
- My brother is an honest person. – Akam/ukam halol inson.
📌 Esda saqlang:
- A → undosh tovush oldidan
- An → unli tovush oldidan
- A/An → odatda birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan
- A/An → kasb va lavozimlar bilan ko‘p ishlatiladi
- A/An → ko‘plikdagi ot bilan ishlatilmaydi
- A/An → sanalmaydigan ot bilan odatda ishlatilmaydi
- Har doim harfga emas, tovushga qarang
- a university ✅
- an hour ✅