Imperatives - Buyruq gaplar!
1. Imperative nima?
Imperative — biror kishiga biror ishni qilishni aytish yoki qilmaslikni buyurish uchun ishlatiladigan gap shaklidir.
O‘zbek tilida buni odatda buyruq gap deb ataymiz. Lekin ingliz tilidagi imperative faqat qattiq buyruq uchun emas. U quyidagi ma‘nolarda ham ishlatiladi:
- Buyruq: Open the door. — Eshikni och.
- Iltimos: Please wait. — Iltimos, kuting.
- Maslahat: Take a rest. — Dam oling.
- Ko‘rsatma: Turn left. — Chapga buriling.
- Ogohlantirish: Be careful! — Ehtiyot bo‘ling!
- Taklif: Let‘s go. — Keling, ketaylik.
Asosiy fikr:
Imperative gaplarda odatda subject (ega) yozilmaydi. Gap to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri fe‘lning asosiy shakli bilan boshlanadi.
2. Positive Imperative — Ijobiy buyruq
Ijobiy imperative yasash juda oson. Fe‘lning asosiy shakli (base form) ishlatiladi.
Base verb + ...
Ya‘ni to qo‘yilmaydi va fe‘lga -s, -ed, -ing qo‘shimchalari qo‘shilmaydi.
| Imperative | Tarjimasi |
|---|---|
| Open the door. | Eshikni och. |
| Sit down. | O‘tir. |
| Listen carefully. | Diqqat bilan tingla. |
| Close your book. | Kitobingni yop. |
| Come here. | Bu yerga kel. |
Eslab qoling:
Imperative‘da fe‘lning base form ishlatiladi:
Open ✅ Opens ❌
Go ✅ Goes ❌
Listen ✅ Listens ❌
3. Nega subject ishlatilmaydi?
Oddiy gaplarda subject kerak:
You open the door. — Sen eshikni ochasan.
Lekin imperative‘da kimga gapirilayotgani allaqachon tushunarli bo‘lgani uchun you odatda tushirib qoldiriladi:
Open the door. — Eshikni och.
Bu yerda yashirin subject — you.
| Oddiy gap | Imperative |
|---|---|
| You sit down. | Sit down. |
| You listen. | Listen. |
| You wait here. | Wait here. |
4. Imperative + object
Imperative‘dan keyin object ham kelishi mumkin.
Verb + object
- Open the window. — Derazani och.
- Close the door. — Eshikni yop.
- Read this book. — Bu kitobni o‘qi.
- Call your mother. — Onangga qo‘ng‘iroq qil.
- Take this bag. — Bu sumkani ol.
5. Negative Imperative — Inkor buyruq
Biror kishiga biror ishni qilmaslikni aytish uchun Don‘t + base verb ishlatiladi.
Don‘t + base verb + ...
| Negative imperative | Tarjimasi |
|---|---|
| Don‘t open the door. | Eshikni ochma. |
| Don‘t touch it. | Unga tegma. |
| Don‘t be late. | Kech qolma. |
| Don‘t worry. | Xavotir olma. |
| Don‘t forget. | Unutma. |
Muhim:
Don‘t dan keyin fe‘lning base formasi keladi.
Don‘t go ✅
Don‘t goes ❌
6. “Be” bilan Imperative
Be fe‘li imperative‘da o‘zining asosiy shaklida ishlatiladi.
Be + adjective / noun
- Be careful! — Ehtiyot bo‘l!
- Be quiet! — Jim bo‘l!
- Be patient. — Sabrli bo‘l.
- Be honest. — Halol bo‘l.
- Be kind. — Mehribon bo‘l.
- Be yourself. — O‘zing bo‘l.
Negative “Be”
Inkor shakli:
Don‘t be + adjective / noun
- Don‘t be late. — Kech qolma.
- Don‘t be angry. — Jahling chiqmasin.
- Don‘t be afraid. — Qo‘rqma.
- Don‘t be noisy. — Shovqin qilma.
7. “Please” bilan muloyim imperative
Imperative ba‘zan juda to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri yoki qattiq eshitilishi mumkin. Uni muloyimroq qilish uchun pleaseishlatiladi.
- Please sit down. — Iltimos, o‘tiring.
- Please wait here. — Iltimos, shu yerda kuting.
- Please help me. — Iltimos, menga yordam bering.
- Please open the window. — Iltimos, derazani oching.
Please gapning oxirida ham kelishi mumkin:
- Come in, please. — Kiring, iltimos.
- Wait here, please. — Shu yerda kuting, iltimos.
- Close the door, please. — Eshikni yoping, iltimos.
8. Imperative qayerlarda ishlatiladi?
Imperative‘ni faqat “buyruq” deb tarjima qilish to‘g‘ri emas. Vaziyatga qarab uning ma‘nosi o‘zgaradi.
A) Buyruq
Stop! — To‘xta!
Get out! — Tashqariga chiq!
B) Iltimos
Please help me. — Iltimos, menga yordam bering.
C) Maslahat
Take a break. — Tanaffus qil / Dam ol.
Drink more water. — Ko‘proq suv ich.
D) Ko‘rsatma
Turn right at the traffic lights. — Svetoforda o‘ngga buriling.
E) Ogohlantirish
Be careful! — Ehtiyot bo‘l!
Watch out! — Ehtiyot bo‘l!
9. “Let‘s” — Keling, ... qilaylik
Let‘s — let us qisqartmasi bo‘lib, biror ishni birgalikda qilishni taklif qilish uchun ishlatiladi.
Let‘s + base verb
- Let‘s go. — Keling, ketaylik.
- Let‘s start. — Keling, boshlaylik.
- Let‘s eat. — Keling, ovqatlanaylik.
- Let‘s study. — Keling, o‘qiylik.
- Let‘s watch a movie. — Keling, kino ko‘raylik.
Let‘s oddiy imperative‘dan farq qiladi:
Go! — Bor! / Ket!
Let‘s go! — Keling, ketaylik!
10. “Let‘s not” — Keling, ... qilmaylik
Birgalikda biror ishni qilmaslikni taklif qilish uchun:
Let‘s not + base verb
- Let‘s not argue. — Keling, tortishmaylik.
- Let‘s not hurry. — Keling, shoshilmaylik.
- Let‘s not talk about it. — Keling, bu haqda gaplashmaylik.
- Let‘s not waste time. — Keling, vaqtni behuda sarflamaylik.
11. “Don‘t” va “Let‘s not” farqi
| Shakl | Ma‘no | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| Don‘t + verb | Bir kishiga qilmaslikni aytish | Don‘t go. |
| Let‘s not + verb | Birgalikda qilmaslikni taklif qilish | Let‘s not go. |
Don‘t go. — Borma.
Let‘s not go. — Keling, bormaylik.
12. “Do” bilan imperative‘ni kuchaytirish
Ba‘zan imperative oldidan do qo‘yilib, gapga kuchliroq urg‘u beriladi. Bu ayniqsa taklif, iltimos yoki samimiy undovlarda uchraydi.
Do + base verb
- Do come in. — Marhamat, kiring.
- Do sit down. — Marhamat, o‘tiring.
- Do be careful. — Albatta, ehtiyot bo‘l.
Bu shakl kundalik oddiy buyruqdan ko‘ra ko‘proq urg‘u beradi.
13. “Never” bilan kuchli taqiq
Never + verb shakli “hech qachon ... qilma” ma‘nosini beradi.
Never + base verb
- Never give up. — Hech qachon taslim bo‘lma.
- Never lie. — Hech qachon yolg‘on gapirma.
- Never touch this button. — Bu tugmaga hech qachon tegma.
- Never forget your family. — Oilangni hech qachon unutma.
Neverning o‘zi inkor ma‘noga ega. Shuning uchun odatda undan keyin yana don‘t ishlatilmaydi.
Never give up. ✅
Don‘t never give up. ❌
14. Imperative + and / or
Imperative boshqa gap bilan and yoki or orqali bog‘lanishi mumkin.
Imperative + and
“Shuni qil, natijada ...” ma‘nosini beradi.
- Study hard and you will pass the exam. — Qattiq o‘qi, shunda imtihondan o‘tasan.
- Come early and we can talk. — Erta kel, shunda gaplasha olamiz.
Imperative + or
“Shuni qil, aks holda ...” ma‘nosini beradi.
- Hurry up, or you‘ll be late. — Shoshil, aks holda kech qolasan.
- Study, or you will fail. — O‘qi, aks holda yiqilasan.
- Be careful, or you‘ll hurt yourself. — Ehtiyot bo‘l, aks holda o‘zingga zarar yetkazasan.
15. Ko‘rsatmalar va belgilar
Imperative ko‘rsatmalar, qoidalar, belgilar va yo‘riqnomalarda juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|
| Keep the door closed. | Eshikni yopiq holda saqlang. |
| Keep off the grass. | Maysazorga kirmang. |
| Do not enter. | Kirish taqiqlanadi. |
| Turn left. | Chapga buriling. |
| Press the button. | Tugmani bosing. |
16. “Don‘t” va “Do not”
Don‘t va Do not ikkalasi ham inkor imperative yasaydi.
| Shakl | Misol | Tarjima |
|---|---|---|
| Don‘t | Don‘t touch it. | Unga tegma. |
| Do not | Do not touch it. | Unga tegmang. |
Don‘t kundalik suhbatda juda keng tarqalgan.Do not esa ko‘pincha rasmiyroq yoki kuchliroq taqiq va ko‘rsatmalarda uchraydi.
17. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
❌ You open the door!
✅ Open the door!
Imperative‘da odatda you ishlatilmaydi.
❌ Don‘t to go.
✅ Don‘t go.
Don‘t dan keyin to kelmaydi.
❌ Don‘t goes.
✅ Don‘t go.
Don‘t dan keyin fe‘lning base formasi keladi.
❌ Let‘s to go.
✅ Let‘s go.
Let‘s dan keyin to ishlatilmaydi.
❌ Let‘s don‘t go.
✅ Let‘s not go.
Let‘s ning inkori Let‘s not bo‘ladi.
❌ Don‘t be not late.
✅ Don‘t be late.
Imperative‘da ikki marta inkor ishlatish kerak emas.
18. Imperative shakllari — umumiy jadval
| Shakl | Formula | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | Verb + ... | Open the door. |
| Negative | Don‘t + verb | Don‘t open the door. |
| Be | Be + adjective | Be careful. |
| Negative Be | Don‘t be + adjective | Don‘t be afraid. |
| Let‘s | Let‘s + verb | Let‘s go. |
| Let‘s not | Let‘s not + verb | Let‘s not argue. |
| Strong emphasis | Do + verb | Do be careful. |
| Strong prohibition | Never + verb | Never give up. |
19. Real-life misollar
Teacher: Open your books.
— Kitoblaringizni oching.
Mother: Don‘t touch that!
— Bunga tegma!
Friend: Let‘s go to the cinema.
— Keling, kinoga boraylik.
Doctor: Take this medicine twice a day.
— Bu dorini kuniga ikki marta qabul qiling.
Someone: Be careful!
— Ehtiyot bo‘l!
Parent: Never talk to strangers.
— Hech qachon begona odamlar bilan gaplashma.
20. Tezkor mashq
Qavs ichidagi fe‘llardan foydalanib, to‘g‘ri imperative gaplarni tuzing.
- ______ the door. (open)
- ______ late. (not / be)
- ______ careful. (be)
- ______ to the teacher. (listen)
- ______ go home. (let‘s)
- ______ argue. (let‘s not)
- ______ give up. (never)
Javoblarni ko‘rish
- Open the door.
- Don‘t be late.
- Be careful.
- Listen to the teacher.
- Let‘s go home.
- Let‘s not argue.
- Never give up.
21. Xulosa — eng muhim qoidalar
- Positive imperative: Base verb bilan boshlanadi.
Open the door. - Negative imperative: Don‘t + base verb.
Don‘t open the door. - Be imperative: Be + adjective.
Be careful. - Negative Be: Don‘t be + adjective.
Don‘t be late. - Let‘s: Birgalikda biror ishni qilish taklifi.
Let‘s go. - Let‘s not: Birgalikda biror ishni qilmaslik taklifi.
Let‘s not argue. - Please: Imperative‘ni muloyimlashtiradi.
Please sit down. - Never: Kuchli taqiq.
Never give up. - Imperative‘da odatda subject ishlatilmaydi.
- Imperative‘dan keyin fe‘lning base formasiishlatiladi.