This, That, These, Those — Demonstratives

1. This, That, These, Those nima?

This, that, these, those ingliz tilida biror odam, narsa yoki narsalar guruhini ko‘rsatishuchun ishlatiladi. Ular demonstratives deb ataladi.

Ularni ishlatishda ikkita asosiy narsaga e‘tibor beramiz:

Masofa: yaqinmi yoki uzoqmi?
Son: birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi?

Asosiy tizim:

This → yaqin + birlik

That → uzoq + birlik

These → yaqin + ko‘plik

Those → uzoq + ko‘plik

2. This, That, These, Those — asosiy jadval

So‘z	Masofa	Son	Ma‘nosi
This	Yaqin	Birlik	Bu, shu
That	Uzoq	Birlik	U, o‘sha
These	Yaqin	Ko‘plik	Bular, shular
Those	Uzoq	Ko‘plik	Ular, o‘shalar

3. Oson eslab qolish usuli

THIS → THESE

birlik → ko‘plik

THAT → THOSE

birlik → ko‘plik

Eng muhim bog‘lanish:

This / That → is

These / Those → are

4. Jismoniy masofa: yaqin va uzoq

Eng asosiy qo‘llanishda this / these gapiruvchiga yaqin narsalar uchun, that / those esa uzoqroq narsalar uchun ishlatiladi.

This — yaqin, birlik

This is my phone. — Bu mening telefonim.
This is my book. — Bu mening kitobim.
This is a pen. — Bu ruchka.

That — uzoq, birlik

That is my car. — U mening mashinam.
That is our house. — U bizning uyimiz.
That is a tree. — U daraxt.

These — yaqin, ko‘plik

These are my books. — Bular mening kitoblarim.
These are my shoes. — Bular mening oyoq kiyimlarim.
These are new phones. — Bular yangi telefonlar.

Those — uzoq, ko‘plik

Those are my friends. — Ular mening do‘stlarim.
Those are expensive cars. — Ular qimmat mashinalar.
Those are beautiful houses. — Ular chiroyli uylar.

5. Demonstrative Pronoun vs Demonstrative Determiner

Bu mavzuning eng muhim grammatik nuqtalaridan biri shu. This, that, these, those ikki xil vazifada ishlatilishi mumkin.

A) Demonstrative determiner

Agar this / that / these / those dan keyin ot kelsa, ular otni aniqlab turadi.

This book is interesting.

— Bu kitob qiziqarli.

Those cars are expensive.

— U mashinalar qimmat.

Bu yerda:

this + book
those + cars

B) Demonstrative pronoun

Agar demonstrative‘dan keyin ot kelmasa va u otning o‘rnini egallasa, u pronoun bo‘ladi.

This is interesting.

— Bu qiziqarli.

Those are expensive.

— Ular qimmat.

Qisqa qoida:

This + noun → determiner

This → pronoun

Those + noun → determiner

Those → pronoun

6. This/That + is va These/Those + are

Demonstratives bilan be fe‘lining to‘g‘ri shaklidan foydalanish juda muhim.

Demonstrative	Be	Misol
This	is	This is my pen.
That	is	That is your bag.
These	are	These are my pens.
Those	are	Those are your bags.

Eslab qoling:

This / That → IS

These / Those → ARE

7. Ot bilan son mosligi

Demonstrative va undan keyingi ot son jihatdan mos bo‘lishi kerak.

To‘g‘ri	Noto‘g‘ri
This book	❌ This books
These books	❌ These book
That car	❌ That cars
Those cars	❌ Those car

Formula:

This + singular noun

That + singular noun

These + plural noun

Those + plural noun

8. “What is this?” va “What are these?”

Biror narsaning nima ekanini so‘rashda demonstratives bilan quyidagi savollar juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.

Savol	Ma‘nosi	Javob
What is this?	Bu nima?	This is a pen.
What is that?	U nima?	That is a car.
What are these?	Bular nima?	These are books.
What are those?	Ular nima?	Those are shoes.

Muhim:

What is + this/that? → birlik

What are + these/those? → ko‘plik

9. This/These va That/Those + here/there

Here “shu yerda”, there esa “u yerda” ma‘nosini beradi. Demonstratives bilan birga kelganda masofani yanada aniqroq ko‘rsatishi mumkin.

This book here — mana bu kitob
That book there — ana u kitob
These books here — mana bu kitoblar
Those books there — ana u kitoblar

This one here is mine.
— Mana bunisi meniki.

That one there is yours.
— Ana unisi seniki.

10. This/That + one va These/Those + ones

Bir xil otni qayta-qayta takrorlamaslik uchun one / ones ishlatishimiz mumkin.

Which shirt do you want?

— Qaysi ko‘ylakni xohlaysan?

This one.

— Mana bunisini.

Ko‘plikda ones ishlatiladi:

Which shoes do you like?

Those ones.
— Ana ularni.

Birlik	Ko‘plik
this one	these ones
that one	those ones

11. This va That vaqt bilan

This / that faqat fizik masofani bildirmaydi. Vaqtga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi mumkin.

This + vaqt

Hozirgi yoki hozirgi davrga tegishli vaqtni ko‘rsatishi mumkin:

this morning — bugun ertalab
this afternoon — bugun tushdan keyin
this evening — bugun kechqurun
this week — bu hafta
this month — bu oy
this year — bu yil

That + vaqt

Ko‘pincha oldin o‘tgan yoki kontekstdagi ma‘lum bir vaqtni ko‘rsatadi:

that day — o‘sha kun
that morning — o‘sha ertalab
that year — o‘sha yil
those days — o‘sha kunlarda / o‘sha paytlarda

This morning was beautiful.
— Bugun ertalab juda chiroyli edi.

I remember those days.
— O‘sha kunlarni eslayman.

12. This / That mavhum narsalar va vaziyatlar bilan

Demonstratives faqat ko‘rib turgan narsalar uchun ishlatilmaydi. Ular fikr, vaziyat, muammo, gap, qaror yoki voqeaniham ko‘rsatishi mumkin.

This is a good idea.
— Bu yaxshi fikr.
That is a problem.
— Bu / o‘sha muammo.
This is what I mean.
— Men aytmoqchi bo‘lgan narsa shu.
That‘s interesting.
— Bu qiziq ekan.
That‘s true.
— Bu to‘g‘ri.
That‘s a good question.
— Bu yaxshi savol.

13. Suhbatda “This” va “That”

Kundalik ingliz tilida this va that juda ko‘p ishlatiladi. Ularning ma‘nosi har doim “bu” va “u” degan fizik masofa bilan cheklanmaydi.

That‘s great!

— Zo‘r ekan!

That‘s right.

— To‘g‘ri.

That‘s enough.

— Shu yetarli.

This is interesting.

— Bu qiziq.

This is amazing.

— Bu ajoyib.

14. Telefon suhbatida “this” va “that”

Telefon orqali gaplashganda this va that fizik masofani bildirmaydi.

Hello, this is Ali.

— Salom, bu Ali.

Is that Tom?

— Bu Tommi?

Muhim:

Telefon suhbatida gapiruvchi o‘zini tanishtirganda this, boshqa tomondagi odamni so‘raganda that ishlatilishi mumkin.

15. Odamlarni tanishtirishda “this”

This is... biror kishini tanishtirishda juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.

This is my friend, Ali.
— Bu mening do‘stim Ali.
This is my brother.
— Bu mening akam / ukam.
This is Sarah.
— Bu Sarah.

Bu holatda this albatta “yaqin turgan odam” degani emas. U suhbat kontekstida odamni tanishtirish uchun ishlatiladi.

16. “This kind/type/sort of ...”

This / that tur yoki kategoriya haqida gapirganda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.

This kind of music — bunday musiqa turi
That type of person — shunday turdagi odam
These kinds of problems — bunday muammolar
Those types of products — shunday turdagi mahsulotlar

I don‘t like this kind of food.

— Menga bunday turdagi ovqat yoqmaydi.

These kinds of problems are common.

— Bunday muammolar keng tarqalgan.

17. This one va That one

Biror narsani tanlayotganda this one va that one juda tabiiy ishlatiladi.

Which one do you want?

— Qaysi birini xohlaysan?

This one.

— Mana bunisini.

Do you want this one or that one?

— Bunisini xohlaysanmi yoki unisini?

I prefer this one.

— Men bunisini afzal ko‘raman.

18. These ones va Those ones

Ko‘plikdagi narsalar haqida gapirganda onesishlatilishi mumkin.

These ones are better.
— Bular yaxshiroq.
Those ones are cheaper.
— Anavilar arzonroq.
I like these ones.
— Menga bular yoqadi.
Don‘t buy those ones.
— Anavilarni sotib olma.

Kundalik ingliz tilida ko‘pincha shunchaki these / thosening o‘zi ham yetarli bo‘ladi:

I like these. — Menga bular yoqadi.

I like those. — Menga anavilar yoqadi.

19. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

❌ This are my books.

✅ These are my books.

Books ko‘plik bo‘lgani uchun these + are kerak.

❌ These is my book.

✅ This is my book.

Book birlik bo‘lgani uchun this + is kerak.

❌ That books are expensive.

✅ Those books are expensive.

❌ Those car is mine.

✅ That car is mine.

❌ This are my shoes.

✅ These are my shoes.

❌ These book is interesting.

✅ This book is interesting.

yoki

✅ These books are interesting.

20. To‘rttasini bir joyda taqqoslaymiz

Yaqin	Uzoq	Son
This	That	Birlik
These	Those	Ko‘plik

THIS

Yaqin

Birlik

This book.

THAT

Uzoq

Birlik

That book.

THESE

Yaqin

Ko‘plik

These books.

THOSE

Uzoq

Ko‘plik

Those books.

21. Real-life dialog

A: What‘s this?
— Bu nima?

B: This is my new phone.
— Bu mening yangi telefonim.

A: And what‘s that?
— Ana u nima?

B: That‘s my old phone.
— Ana u mening eski telefonim.

A: What are these?
— Bular nima?

B: These are my headphones.
— Bular mening quloqchinlarim.

A: And what are those?
— Ana ular nima?

B: Those are my speakers.
— Anavilar mening kolonkalarm.

22. Mini mashq

Bo‘sh joyga this, that, these yoki those dan mosini qo‘ying.

______ is my book. (yaqin, birlik)
______ are my shoes. (yaqin, ko‘plik)
______ is your car over there. (uzoq, birlik)
______ are beautiful mountains over there. (uzoq, ko‘plik)
What is ______?
What are ______?
______ books are mine. (yaqin, ko‘plik)
______ house is very big. (uzoq, birlik)

Javoblarni ko‘rish

This is my book.
These are my shoes.
That is your car over there.
Those are beautiful mountains over there.
this / that
these / those
These books are mine.
That house is very big.

23. Eng muhim 4 ta formula

This + singular noun

This book is interesting.

That + singular noun

That book is interesting.

These + plural noun

These books are interesting.

Those + plural noun

Those books are interesting.

24. Xulosa

This = yaqin + birlik
That = uzoq + birlik
These = yaqin + ko‘plik
Those = uzoq + ko‘plik
This / That → is
These / Those → are
This book kabi ot bilan kelsa, demonstrative determiner vazifasida ishlaydi.
This kabi otning o‘rnida kelsa, demonstrative pronoun vazifasida ishlaydi.
This / that faqat fizik masofani emas, vaqt, vaziyat, fikr va suhbatdagi ma‘nolarni ham ko‘rsatishi mumkin.
This one / that one birlikdagi narsalarni tanlashda ishlatiladi.
These ones / those ones ko‘plikdagi narsalarni tanlashda ishlatilishi mumkin.
Telefon suhbatida This is... va Is that...? juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.